Data_structures terms
The right container makes every algorithm faster
Choosing the right data structure is often the difference between an algorithm that runs in milliseconds and one that times out. This category covers arrays, linked lists, trees, graphs, heaps, hash tables, and more complex structures — with focus on when to use each, what operations are fast or slow, and how they underpin the algorithms built on top of them.
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Trie (Prefix Tree)
A tree where each node represents a character — paths from root to leaf spell out keys, enabling O(m) lookup, prefix search, and autocomplete where m is key length, independent of dataset size.
1mo ago
data_structures intermediate
Adjacency Matrix vs Adjacency List
Two ways to represent a graph — adjacency matrix (2D array, O(1) edge lookup, O(V²) space) vs adjacency list (array of lists, O(V+E) space, better for sparse graphs).
2mo ago
data_structures intermediate
B-Trees & B+ Trees
Self-balancing tree structures used in database indexes — each node holds multiple keys, keeping the tree shallow and minimising disk I/O for range queries.
2mo ago
data_structures advanced
Circular Buffer / Ring Buffer PHP 5.0+
A fixed-size array treated as circular — the write pointer wraps around when it reaches the end, overwriting the oldest data. Used for logs, audio streaming, and producer-consumer queues.
2mo ago
data_structures intermediate
Disjoint Set / Union-Find
A data structure tracking which elements belong to the same group — supporting near-O(1) union and find operations. Used for network connectivity, Kruskal's MST, and cycle detection.
2mo ago
data_structures advanced
Graphs
A collection of nodes (vertices) connected by edges — directed or undirected, weighted or unweighted. The most general data structure, modelling networks, dependencies, and relationships.
2mo ago
data_structures intermediate
Queues PHP 5.3+ A FIFO (First In, First Out) data structure — the first element enqueued is the first dequeued. Used for BFS traversal, job queues, rate limiting, and buffer management.
2mo ago
data_structures beginner
Segment Trees
A tree data structure for O(log n) range queries and point updates — supporting sum, min, max over arbitrary array ranges.
2mo ago
data_structures advanced
Skip Lists
A probabilistic data structure providing O(log n) search, insert, and delete — used internally in Redis sorted sets for ZADD/ZRANGE operations.
2mo ago
data_structures advanced
Sparse Matrix Representations
COO, CSR, and DOK formats efficiently store matrices where most values are zero — avoiding storing terabytes of zeros for recommendation systems and graphs.
2mo ago
data_structures advanced
Stacks PHP 5.3+ A LIFO (Last In, First Out) data structure — the last element pushed is the first popped. Used for function call stacks, undo history, expression parsing, and DFS traversal.
2mo ago
data_structures beginner
Tries (Prefix Trees) PHP 5.0+
A tree where each path from root to node spells a prefix — enabling O(m) insert, lookup, and prefix search where m is the string length, regardless of dictionary size.
2mo ago
data_structures advanced
Arrays PHP 5.0+
The most fundamental data structure — a contiguous block of memory holding elements of the same type, offering O(1) index access but O(n) insertion and deletion in the middle.
2mo ago
data_structures beginner
Binary Trees PHP 5.0+ A hierarchical structure where each node has at most two children — Binary Search Trees enable O(log n) search, while balanced variants (AVL, Red-Black) guarantee it.
2mo ago
data_structures intermediate
Bloom Filter PHP 7.0+ A probabilistic data structure that tests set membership in O(1) time and O(1) space, with a tunable false-positive rate and zero false negatives.
2mo ago
data_structures advanced
Hash Table PHP 5.0+ A data structure that maps keys to values using a hash function, providing amortised O(1) average-case lookups, insertions, and deletions.
2mo ago
data_structures intermediate
Heaps & Priority Queues PHP 5.3+ A tree-based structure satisfying the heap property — min-heap: parent ≤ children; max-heap: parent ≥ children — enabling O(1) peek and O(log n) insert/extract for priority queues.
2mo ago
data_structures intermediate
Linked List PHP 5.3+ A linear data structure where elements (nodes) store a value and a pointer to the next node, enabling O(1) insertion and deletion at known positions.
2mo ago
data_structures beginner
LRU Cache A fixed-size cache that evicts the Least Recently Used entry when full, implemented with a hash map and doubly linked list for O(1) get and put.
2mo ago
data_structures advanced