Database terms
Where your data lives, breathes, and occasionally panics
Almost every application is, at its core, a system for reading and writing data. This category covers relational and non-relational databases, query optimisation, indexing strategies, transactions, normalisation, replication, and the CAP theorem trade-offs that dictate how distributed data behaves. Choosing and using the right database correctly is one of the highest-leverage skills in backend development.
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Most referenced — Database
Database Deadlocks 3Write-Ahead Log (WAL) 2MySQL LIMIT and OFFSET Pagination 2MySQL JSON Column Type 2Database Triggers 1Database Indexes 1OLAP vs OLTP 1ORM — Object-Relational Mapper 1
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Composite Index Design PHP 5.0+ A composite index covers multiple columns — column order determines which queries benefit, following the leftmost prefix rule.
2mo ago
database advanced
Database Deadlocks PHP 5.0+ A situation where two or more transactions hold locks the other needs, each waiting indefinitely — resolved by the database killing one transaction.
2mo ago
database advanced
Database Indexes — Types & Trade-offs PHP 5.0+ B-Tree, hash, full-text, and partial indexes — each suited to different query patterns, with write overhead as the cost of read speed.
2mo ago
database intermediate
Database Normalisation
The process of structuring a relational database to reduce redundancy and improve integrity, defined through progressive normal forms (1NF through BCNF).
2mo ago
database intermediate
Database Schema Design PHP 5.0+ The process of defining tables, columns, data types, constraints, and relationships — decisions made at schema design time are expensive to reverse once data is live.
2mo ago
database intermediate
Database Transactions PHP 5.1+ A sequence of SQL operations treated as a single atomic unit — all succeed or all roll back — enforcing ACID guarantees.
2mo ago
database intermediate
Database Views & Materialised Views PHP 5.0+
A view is a saved SELECT query presented as a virtual table. A materialised view stores the query result physically — trading freshness for query speed.
2mo ago
database intermediate
EXPLAIN & Query Plans PHP 5.0+
EXPLAIN (ANALYZE) reveals how the database executes a query — sequential scans, index scans, join strategies — to guide optimisation.
2mo ago
database intermediate
EXPLAIN ANALYZE PHP 5.0+ The database command that shows the actual execution plan of a query — revealing sequential scans, missing indexes, and row estimate errors that cause slow performance.
2mo ago
database advanced
Foreign Keys & Referential Integrity PHP 5.0+ A foreign key is a column that references the primary key of another table, enforcing referential integrity — no orphaned rows pointing to non-existent parents.
2mo ago
database intermediate
JSON Columns in MySQL & PostgreSQL PHP 5.0+ Native JSON column types allow storing and querying semi-structured data within a relational database — without sacrificing ACID guarantees or the ability to index specific JSON paths.
2mo ago
database intermediate
Keyset Pagination PHP 5.0+ A pagination technique using WHERE id > :last_seen_id instead of OFFSET, providing consistent O(log n) performance regardless of page depth.
2mo ago
database intermediate
N+1 Queries — Detection & Fix PHP 5.0+ Issuing one query per row of a result set instead of a single JOIN — the most common database performance mistake in any ORM-based application.
2mo ago
database intermediate
Pessimistic vs Optimistic Locking PHP 5.0+ Pessimistic locking acquires a database lock upfront preventing conflicts. Optimistic locking detects conflicts at write time using a version column — trading lock overhead for conflict detection.
2mo ago
database advanced
Safe Database Migration Patterns PHP 5.0+ Expand-contract, backward-compatible migrations run alongside a zero-downtime deploy — never rename or drop columns in the same deploy as the code change.
2mo ago
database intermediate
SQL Window Functions PHP 5.0+
SQL functions that perform calculations across a set of rows related to the current row without collapsing them into a single output row.
2mo ago
database advanced
Stored Procedures vs Application Logic PHP 5.0+
Stored procedures execute business logic inside the database — close to data but hard to test, version, and deploy. Application logic is more maintainable but requires more round-trips.
2mo ago
database intermediate
Transaction Isolation Levels PHP 5.1+ SQL standards defining how and when changes made by one transaction are visible to others, trading consistency for concurrency.
2mo ago
database advanced
UPSERT PHP 5.0+
An atomic INSERT-or-UPDATE operation — inserts the row if it does not exist, updates it if it does — eliminating the race condition of a separate check-then-insert.
2mo ago
database intermediate
UUID vs ULID vs Auto-Increment PHP 7.0+
Primary key strategies: auto-increment is simple and fast, UUID v4 is globally unique but random (poor index performance), UUID v7 and ULID are sortable globally unique IDs.
2mo ago
database intermediate