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Most referenced — PHP

Migrating from PHP 5.x to PHP 7 and 8 2 max_execution_time & set_time_limit() 2 readonly Classes (PHP 8.2) 2 array_map / filter / reduce as FP Patterns 2 Spread Operator & Variadic Args (PHP 5.6) 2 PHP Version Upgrade Checklist 2 DateTimeImmutable vs DateTime 2 abstract (Classes & Methods) 2

Division by Zero & DivisionByZeroError 5 Exception Handling (try/catch/finally) 5 readonly Classes (PHP 8.2) 4 array_column() — Plucking Values from Arrays 3 PHP/FI — The Origin Story (1994–1997) 3 Error Handling in PHP 3 Arrow Functions (PHP 7.4) 3 realpath() 3

Undefined Array Key / Offset Errors 251Division by Zero & DivisionByZeroError 221Array Destructuring ([] = …) 219Type Coercion 202password_hash() — Native Bcrypt (PHP 5.5) 176Exception Handling (try/catch/finally) 151Type Declarations Overview 132allow_url_fopen / allow_url_include 122

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random_bytes() PHP 7.0+ 🧠 1

Generates cryptographically secure random bytes from the OS entropy source — use for tokens, salts, and nonces.

3mo ago php intermediate

Readonly Classes (PHP 8.2) PHP 8.2+ 🧠 2

Marking an entire class readonly automatically makes all its declared properties readonly, simplifying immutable value object creation.

3mo ago php intermediate

Readonly Classes (PHP 8.2) PHP 8.2+

Marking an entire class readonly makes all its properties implicitly readonly — ideal for immutable value objects and DTOs with minimal boilerplate.

3mo ago php advanced

Readonly Properties (PHP 8.1) PHP 8.1+ 🧠 2

Properties declared with readonly can only be initialised once and then never modified, enforcing immutability at the language level.

3mo ago php intermediate

realpath() PHP 5.0+ 🧠 2

Resolves a path to its canonical absolute form, collapsing ../ sequences — used to prevent path traversal.

3mo ago php intermediate

Reflection API PHP 5.0+

PHP's built-in introspection system for examining classes, methods, properties, and parameters at runtime.

3mo ago php advanced

register_globals (Legacy Audit) PHP 5.0+

A removed PHP setting that automatically created global variables from GET/POST/COOKIE input, enabling trivial variable injection attacks.

CWE-473 OWASP A3:2021

3mo ago php beginner 9.8

serialize() / unserialize() PHP 5.0+

PHP's native serialisation functions can trigger arbitrary code execution via magic methods when deserialising untrusted data.

CWE-502 OWASP A8:2021

3mo ago php intermediate 9.8

session_regenerate_id() PHP 5.0+

Generates a new session ID after login — the primary defence against session fixation attacks.

3mo ago php intermediate

SPL Data Structures PHP 5.3+ 🧠 1

PHP's Standard PHP Library provides efficient built-in data structures: SplStack, SplQueue, SplHeap, SplMinHeap, SplDoublyLinkedList, and more.

3mo ago php advanced

Spread Operator (...) PHP 5.6+

Unpacks arrays or traversables into function argument lists or array literals; also used for variadic parameters.

3mo ago php intermediate

Static Methods & Properties PHP 5.0+

Class-level methods and properties that exist independently of any instance — useful for utilities and factories, but harmful when overused.

3mo ago php intermediate

String Interpolation & Heredoc/Nowdoc PHP 5.0+

PHP's double-quoted strings and heredoc syntax interpolate variables; nowdoc is the single-quoted equivalent — each with distinct escaping rules.

3mo ago php beginner

strip_tags() PHP 5.0+

Removes HTML and PHP tags from a string — not a reliable XSS defence on its own.

3mo ago php intermediate

Superglobals ($_GET, $_POST, $_SERVER…) PHP 5.0+

PHP's built-in global arrays that provide access to request data, environment, and server variables — all potentially attacker-controlled.

3mo ago php beginner

Diagram: Traits

Traits PHP 5.4+ 🧠 1

Reusable code blocks that can be mixed into any class, providing horizontal code reuse without inheritance.

3mo ago php intermediate

Type Casting in PHP PHP 5.0+

Explicitly converting a value to another type using (int), (string), (array), (object) casts or intval(), strval() functions.

3mo ago php beginner

Type Coercion PHP 7.0+

PHP's automatic conversion between types can produce unexpected comparison results, leading to logic bugs and security bypasses.

CWE-704 OWASP A3:2021

3mo ago php intermediate 8.1

Type Declarations Overview PHP 7.0+ 🧠 1

PHP's full type system: scalar types, return types, union types, intersection types, nullable, never, and mixed — all enforced at runtime.

3mo ago php intermediate

Union Types (PHP 8.0) PHP 8.0+ 🧠 1

Allow a parameter, return value, or property to accept multiple specified types, declared as TypeA|TypeB.

3mo ago php intermediate

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