Glossary
A developer glossary, written to teach — built to be cited.
1.4k terms across 32 categories — definitions, examples, common mistakes and fixes. Authored under one editorial standard. Cross-linked, searchable, and openly crawled by AI agents.
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Most referenced terms
CSRF Token Handling in Fetch & Axios 3
Flame Graphs for PHP Profiling 3
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N+1 Query Problem PHP 5.1+ A performance anti-pattern where fetching N records triggers N additional queries — one per record — instead of a single JOIN.
2mo ago
database intermediate
Optimistic Locking
A concurrency pattern using a version column to detect conflicting concurrent writes — no row locks held between read and write.
2mo ago
database advanced
PDO Error Handling PHP 5.1+
PDO has three error modes — silent, warning, and exception — controlling how database errors surface.
2mo ago
php beginner
PDO Fetch Modes PHP 5.1+
Constants controlling how PDO returns rows — as arrays, objects, or custom classes.
2mo ago
php beginner
PDO lastInsertId() PHP 5.1+
Returns the auto-increment ID generated by the most recent INSERT statement.
2mo ago
php beginner
PDO Named Placeholders PHP 5.1+
Named parameters (:name) in prepared statements — more readable than positional ? placeholders for queries with multiple parameters.
2mo ago
php beginner
PDO query() vs prepare() PHP 5.1+
PDO query() executes raw SQL immediately — prepare() parameterises it. query() must never include user-controlled values.
CWE-89 OWASP A3:2021
2mo ago
php beginner
9.8
PDO Transactions PHP 5.1+ PDO wraps multiple queries in an atomic unit — either all succeed or all roll back.
2mo ago
php intermediate
PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES PHP 5.1+
Controls whether PDO sends real prepared statements to the database or emulates them client-side in PHP.
CWE-89 OWASP A3:2021
2mo ago
php intermediate
PDOStatement::bindParam() vs bindValue() PHP 5.1+
Two PDO methods for binding variables to placeholders — bindParam() binds by reference (evaluated at execute), bindValue() binds by value (evaluated immediately).
2mo ago
php intermediate
PDOStatement::rowCount() PHP 5.1+
Returns the number of rows affected by the last DELETE, INSERT, or UPDATE — unreliable for SELECT.
2mo ago
php beginner
PHP Generators PHP 5.5+
Functions using yield that produce values lazily — one at a time — instead of building a complete array in memory.
2mo ago
php intermediate
SELECT FOR UPDATE
A locking read that acquires exclusive row locks — preventing other transactions from modifying selected rows until commit.
2mo ago
database advanced
Soft Delete Pattern
Marking records as deleted with a deleted_at timestamp instead of physically removing them — preserving data for auditing and recovery.
2mo ago
database intermediate
SQL Window Functions
Window functions (ROW_NUMBER, RANK, LAG, LEAD, SUM OVER) perform calculations across a set of rows related to the current row without collapsing them into a single aggregate — enabling rankings, running totals, and comparisons within result sets.
2mo ago
database intermediate
Structured Logging PHP 8.0+
Emitting log entries as machine-parseable key-value pairs (JSON) rather than free-form strings — enabling filtering, aggregation, and alerting.
2mo ago
observability intermediate
Test Doubles PHP 8.0+
Substitute objects used in tests to replace real dependencies — mocks, stubs, spies, fakes, and dummies each serve a different purpose.
2mo ago
testing intermediate
Trie (Prefix Tree)
A tree where each node represents a character — paths from root to leaf spell out keys, enabling O(m) lookup, prefix search, and autocomplete where m is key length, independent of dataset size.
2mo ago
data_structures intermediate
WebAssembly (Wasm)
A binary instruction format that runs at near-native speed in the browser and on servers — enabling C, Rust, and Go code to run alongside JavaScript without plugins.
2mo ago
frontend advanced
AI Alignment The research and engineering discipline of ensuring AI systems pursue goals that are consistent with human values, intentions, and safety — not just stated objectives.
2mo ago
ai_ml advanced