Intermediate terms
Open/Closed Principle
PHP 5.0+
1
Classes should be open for extension but closed for modification — add behaviour without changing existing code.
3mo ago
quality intermediate
open_basedir Restriction
PHP 4.0+
A PHP INI directive that restricts file operations to a specified directory tree, limiting the blast radius of path traversal and LFI attacks.
CWE-22 OWASP A5:2021
3mo ago
security intermediate
OpenAPI / Swagger Specification
3
A machine-readable YAML/JSON description of a REST API — enabling auto-generated documentation, client SDKs, mock servers, and contract testing.
3mo ago
architecture intermediate
Optional Chaining & Nullish Coalescing
ES2020
?. short-circuits to undefined if a property is null/undefined; ?? returns the right-hand value only when the left is null or undefined — together they replace most null guard code.
3mo ago
javascript intermediate
Output Buffering (ob_start / ob_flush)
PHP 4.0+
Capturing PHP output into a buffer rather than sending it immediately, enabling manipulation before delivery or header modification.
3mo ago
php intermediate
OPcache
PHP 5.5+
8
A PHP extension that caches precompiled bytecode in shared memory, eliminating repeated parsing and compilation overhead.
3mo ago
php intermediate