Glossary
AI Guardrails
1
Runtime constraints and safety filters applied around LLM calls to detect, block, or rewrite inputs and outputs that are harmful, off-topic, or policy-violating.
2mo ago
ai_ml intermediate
AI Observability
2
The practice of monitoring, tracing, and evaluating LLM-powered systems in production — covering latency, token costs, prompt drift, output quality, and failure modes.
2mo ago
ai_ml intermediate
Knowledge Distillation
A compression technique where a smaller 'student' model is trained to mimic the outputs of a larger 'teacher' model, achieving comparable performance at a fraction of the inference cost.
2mo ago
ai_ml advanced
LLM Temperature & Sampling Strategies
Parameters that control the randomness and diversity of LLM output — temperature scales token probabilities, while top-p and top-k limit the candidate pool before sampling.
2mo ago
ai_ml intermediate
Multimodal AI
AI models that process and generate across multiple input or output modalities — text, images, audio, and video — within a single unified architecture.
2mo ago
ai_ml intermediate
Prompt Injection Attack
An attack where crafted user input overrides or hijacks an LLM's system instructions, causing it to ignore its intended behaviour and follow attacker-supplied commands instead.
CWE-74 OWASP LLM01:2025
2mo ago
ai_ml advanced
Accessible Data Tables
HTML tables marked up with correct semantic elements and ARIA roles so screen readers can announce cell context — column header, row header, and position — to the user.
2mo ago
accessibility beginner
CSS Grid Template Areas
A CSS Grid feature that lets you name regions of a grid and assign elements to them by name, making complex layouts readable and maintainable without calculating column/row numbers.
2mo ago
frontend beginner
Dead Code Elimination
PHP 7.4+
3
A compiler and static analysis optimisation that identifies and removes code that can never be executed or whose result is never used.
2mo ago
compiler intermediate
Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
PHP 5.3+ A greedy graph algorithm that finds the shortest path from a source node to all other nodes in a weighted graph with non-negative edge weights.
2mo ago
algorithms advanced
GraphQL Subscriptions
A GraphQL operation type that opens a long-lived connection to the server and pushes real-time data updates to the client whenever a specific event occurs.
2mo ago
api_design advanced
OAuth 2.0 PKCE — Proof Key for Code Exchange
PHP 7.0+ An OAuth 2.0 extension that prevents authorisation code interception attacks in public clients (SPAs, mobile apps) by binding each authorisation request to a cryptographic secret the client generates.
2mo ago
cryptography intermediate
PHP Fibers — Internals & Scheduler Patterns
PHP 8.1+ How PHP Fibers work under the hood — stack allocation, suspension mechanics, and how to build a cooperative multitasking scheduler on top of the Fiber API introduced in PHP 8.1.
2mo ago
php advanced
prefers-reduced-motion — Accessible Animations
A CSS media query and JavaScript API that detects when a user has requested reduced motion in their OS settings, allowing you to disable or simplify animations that can trigger vestibular disorders.
2mo ago
accessibility beginner
TLS Certificate Lifecycle
The end-to-end process of generating, validating, issuing, deploying, monitoring, and renewing a TLS certificate — and what breaks at each stage when it goes wrong.
2mo ago
cryptography intermediate
Topological Sort
PHP 7.4+ An ordering of nodes in a directed acyclic graph (DAG) such that for every directed edge u→v, node u appears before v in the ordering.
2mo ago
algorithms intermediate
Type Inference
PHP 7.0+
4
The compiler's ability to automatically deduce the type of an expression without an explicit annotation, based on context and assigned values.
2mo ago
compiler intermediate
#[Override] Attribute (PHP 8.3)
PHP 8.3+
The #[Override] attribute tells PHP (and static analysers) that a method is intentionally overriding a parent class or interface method — if no such method exists in a parent, PHP throws an error at class load time.
2mo ago
php intermediate
A* Pathfinding Algorithm
Heuristic search algorithm that finds the lowest-cost path using f(n)=g(n)+h(n), widely used in maps and game AI.
2mo ago
algorithms advanced
Abstract readonly Properties
PHP 8.4+
PHP 8.4 allows abstract readonly properties in abstract classes and interfaces — defining that implementations must provide a readonly property of a specific type.
2mo ago
php advanced