Linux terms
The operating system underneath almost everything in production
Linux runs the servers, containers, and cloud instances that power most production software. This category covers shell commands, file systems, process management, permissions, networking tools, cron jobs, and the system internals that every backend developer benefits from understanding. Knowing your way around Linux is not optional when something breaks at 2am.
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Linux Namespaces
Kernel feature that isolates global resources (PIDs, network, mounts, IPC, hostname, users) so processes see their own private view of the system.
2w ago
linux advanced
cgroups — Linux Control Groups
A Linux kernel feature that groups processes and meters or limits their access to CPU, memory, I/O, network, and other resources — the core primitive that makes Docker, systemd, and Kubernetes resource limits possible.
2mo ago
linux advanced
Linux File Permissions
Read, write, and execute permissions assigned to owner, group, and others — the foundation of Linux access control for web application files.
CWE-732 OWASP A5:2021
2mo ago
linux beginner
7.5
Memory-Mapped Files
A file mapped directly into a process's virtual address space — reads and writes go through the OS page cache rather than read()/write() syscalls, enabling fast access to large files and shared memory between processes.
2mo ago
linux advanced
Environment Variables
PHP 5.0+
Key-value pairs inherited by child processes — the standard way to pass configuration, credentials, and runtime settings to PHP applications without hardcoding.
3mo ago
linux intermediate
File Descriptors & ulimit
PHP 5.0+
File descriptors are integer handles for open files, sockets, and pipes — each process has a limit (ulimit -n), and exhausting them causes 'too many open files' errors.
3mo ago
linux intermediate
Linux Log Files
Log locations, rotation, and analysis tools on Linux — /var/log/ structure, journald, logrotate, and essential log analysis commands.
3mo ago
linux intermediate
Linux Memory Management
How Linux allocates RAM — virtual memory, the page cache, swap, and the OOM killer — and what PHP developers need to know when PHP processes run out of memory.
3mo ago
linux intermediate
Linux Networking Tools
PHP 5.0+
Essential tools for diagnosing network issues on Linux servers — ss, netstat, curl, dig, tcpdump, and ping each reveal different layers of connectivity problems.
3mo ago
linux intermediate
Linux Package Managers
apt (Debian/Ubuntu), yum/dnf (RHEL/CentOS/Fedora), apk (Alpine) — tools for installing, updating, and managing system software packages and their dependencies.
3mo ago
linux beginner
Linux Performance Tools
Essential tools for diagnosing CPU, memory, IO, and network performance on Linux — top, htop, vmstat, iostat, perf, strace, and ltrace.
3mo ago
linux intermediate
Linux User & Group Management
Managing users and groups on Linux servers — useradd, usermod, passwd, groups — and best practices for PHP web server user isolation and privilege separation.
3mo ago
linux intermediate
Regex with grep, sed & awk
Three essential Linux text processing tools — grep for filtering lines, sed for stream editing, awk for field-based processing — all using regular expressions.
3mo ago
linux intermediate
Systemd Services & Unit Files
Systemd is the init system managing service lifecycle on modern Linux — unit files define how services start, stop, restart, and depend on each other.
3mo ago
linux intermediate
Bash Scripting
bash4 Writing shell scripts in Bash to automate command-line tasks — from simple file operations to complex deployment pipelines.
3mo ago
linux intermediate
Cron Jobs
PHP 5.0+ Scheduled tasks defined in a crontab file, executing commands at specified time intervals — from once a minute to once a year.
3mo ago
linux beginner
Linux File System Hierarchy
The standard directory structure of Linux — /etc for config, /var for variable data, /tmp for temporary files, /usr for user programs — knowing it prevents misplacing files.
3mo ago
linux beginner
Linux Processes
PHP 5.0+
Every running program is a process with a PID, memory space, and file descriptors — ps, top, kill, and signals are the essential tools for managing them.
3mo ago
linux intermediate
Shell Pipes & Redirects
Pipes (|) connect stdout of one command to stdin of another; redirects (<, >, >>) send stdin/stdout to files — the foundation of composable Unix command-line workflows.
3mo ago
linux intermediate
SSH Keys
Asymmetric cryptographic key pairs used for passwordless SSH authentication — the public key is placed on servers, the private key never leaves your machine.
3mo ago
linux beginner