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Most referenced — PHP

Type Declarations Overview 3 Readonly Classes (PHP 8.2) 3 Migrating from PHP 5.x to PHP 7 and 8 2 max_execution_time & set_time_limit() 2 PHP SAPI Types (FPM, CLI, Embed) 2 readonly Classes (PHP 8.2) 2 Typed Properties (PHP 7.4) 2 array_map / filter / reduce as FP Patterns 2

Division by Zero & DivisionByZeroError 5 Exception Handling (try/catch/finally) 5 readonly Classes (PHP 8.2) 4 array_column() — Plucking Values from Arrays 3 PHP/FI — The Origin Story (1994–1997) 3 Error Handling in PHP 3 Arrow Functions (PHP 7.4) 3 realpath() 3

Undefined Array Key / Offset Errors 251Division by Zero & DivisionByZeroError 221Array Destructuring ([] = …) 219Type Coercion 202password_hash() — Native Bcrypt (PHP 5.5) 176Exception Handling (try/catch/finally) 151Type Declarations Overview 134allow_url_fopen / allow_url_include 122

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extract() — Dangerous Variable Injection PHP 4.0+

extract() creates local variables from an array, allowing attackers to overwrite existing variables if input is unsanitised.

CWE-621 OWASP A3:2021

3mo ago php beginner 9.8

Diagram: Fibers (PHP 8.1)

Fibers (PHP 8.1) PHP 8.1+ 🧠 1

Fibers provide cooperative concurrency primitives — lightweight coroutines that can pause and resume execution within a single thread.

3mo ago php advanced

Fibers in Practice (Revolt / Amp) PHP 8.1+ 🧠 1

Using PHP 8.1 Fibers with event-loop libraries like Revolt or Amp to write non-blocking concurrent code in a synchronous, readable style.

3mo ago php advanced

filter_var() PHP 5.2+

PHP's built-in input validation and sanitisation function supporting email, URL, IP, int, and float validators.

3mo ago php beginner

First Class Callable Syntax (PHP 8.1) PHP 8.1+

Creates a Closure from any callable using func(...) syntax, replacing the verbose Closure::fromCallable() boilerplate.

3mo ago php intermediate

First-Class Callable Syntax (PHP 8.1) PHP 8.1+

PHP 8.1's Closure::fromCallable() shorthand — strlen(...) creates a Closure from any callable without verbose wrapper syntax.

3mo ago php intermediate

Fluent Interface / Method Chaining PHP 5.0+

An API design style where methods return $this, enabling readable chains of calls that resemble natural language.

3mo ago php intermediate

Diagram: Generators & yield

Generators & yield PHP 5.5+

Generators allow iterating over large datasets lazily using yield, without loading everything into memory at once.

3mo ago php intermediate

hash_equals() PHP 5.6+ 🧠 1

Constant-time string comparison that prevents timing attacks when validating tokens and CSRF values.

3mo ago php intermediate

Heredoc / Nowdoc PHP 5.0+

Heredoc (<<<EOT) and Nowdoc (<<<'EOT') provide multi-line string syntax; Nowdoc is the single-quoted equivalent with no variable interpolation.

3mo ago php beginner

htmlspecialchars() PHP 5.0+

Converts HTML special characters to entities — the primary defence against XSS in HTML output contexts.

3mo ago php beginner

include vs require vs *_once PHP 5.0+

require halts on failure; include warns and continues. The _once variants prevent double-loading — use require_once for dependencies.

3mo ago php beginner

Diagram: Interface vs Abstract Class

Interface vs Abstract Class PHP 5.0+

Interfaces define pure capability contracts with no state; abstract classes add shared implementation. Use interfaces for type contracts, abstract for shared behaviour.

3mo ago php intermediate

Interfaces PHP 5.0+ 🧠 2

Contracts that define a set of method signatures a class must implement, enabling polymorphism without inheritance.

3mo ago php intermediate

Intersection Types (PHP 8.1) PHP 8.1+ 🧠 1

Require a value to satisfy multiple type constraints simultaneously, declared as TypeA&TypeB — useful for combining interfaces.

3mo ago php intermediate

intval() / Type Casting PHP 5.0+

Casting user input to int or float is a safe way to enforce numeric types — cheaper than regex validation for IDs.

3mo ago php beginner

Iterators & IteratorAggregate PHP 5.0+

PHP interfaces that allow custom objects to be used in foreach loops, enabling lazy and memory-efficient iteration over any data source.

3mo ago php intermediate

JIT Compiler (PHP 8.0) PHP 8.0+

PHP's Just-In-Time compiler translates hot bytecode to native machine code at runtime, speeding CPU-bound workloads significantly.

3mo ago php advanced

json_decode() PHP 7.3+

Parses a JSON string into a PHP value — a safe alternative to unserialize() for structured data exchange.

3mo ago php beginner

Key Array Functions (array_map, array_filter, array_reduce…) PHP 5.0+ 🧠 3

PHP's functional array processing functions enable expressive, pipeline-style transformations without explicit loops.

3mo ago php beginner

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