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Most referenced — PHP
DateTimeImmutable vs DateTime 3Type Declarations Overview 3Readonly Classes (PHP 8.2) 3allow_url_fopen / allow_url_include 2Migrating from PHP 5.x to PHP 7 and 8 2max_execution_time & set_time_limit() 2PHP SAPI Types (FPM, CLI, Embed) 2readonly Classes (PHP 8.2) 2
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OPcache stores compiled PHP bytecode in shared memory, eliminating recompilation on every request — proper tuning is the single highest-impact PHP performance configuration.
3mo ago
php intermediate
PHP Date/Timezone Pitfalls
PHP 5.1+
Common PHP date and timezone bugs — relying on date_default_timezone_set(), comparing DateTime objects across timezones, and strtotime() ambiguity.
3mo ago
php intermediate
PHP Intl Extension — Unicode
PHP 5.3+
2
Grapheme functions, Normalizer, and Transliterator — correct multilingual text handling beyond what mb_string provides, including emoji and combining characters.
3mo ago
php advanced
Property Hooks (PHP 8.4)
PHP 8.0+
PHP 8.4 property hooks attach get and set logic directly to a property declaration — co-locating validation and transformation with the property itself.
3mo ago
php advanced
Removed PHP Function
PHP 7.0+
2
Calling a function removed in a newer PHP version — causes a fatal error on upgrade and blocks modernisation of the PHP runtime.
3mo ago
php intermediate
Short Open Tag (<?)
PHP 5.0+
Using <? instead of <?php — short tags are disabled by default in many PHP configurations and conflict with XML processing instructions.
3mo ago
php beginner
SPL Iterators In Depth
PHP 5.1+
PHP's Standard PHP Library iterators — SplFileObject, DirectoryIterator, RecursiveIteratorIterator, FilterIterator, and LimitIterator — for memory-efficient file and data traversal.
3mo ago
php intermediate
String Offset Curly Brace Syntax
PHP 5.0+
Using $str{0} to access string characters by index — deprecated since PHP 7.4 and removed in PHP 8.0; use square bracket syntax $str[0] instead.
3mo ago
php beginner
Type Widening & Covariance/Contravariance
PHP 7.4+
PHP's rules for overriding method types in subclasses — return types are covariant (can narrow), parameter types are contravariant (can widen), enforced since PHP 7.4.
3mo ago
php advanced
Verbose Type Functions
PHP 7.0+
Using is_array(), is_string(), intval(), strval() where type declarations, casting, or native operators express intent more concisely and safely.
3mo ago
php beginner
.env Files & Environment Variables
PHP 5.6+
4
Storing configuration in environment variables (not source code), loaded from a .env file in development via libraries like vlucas/phpdotenv.
OWASP A2:2021
3mo ago
php beginner
abstract (Classes & Methods)
PHP 5.0+
1
PHP keyword that prevents instantiation and enforces method implementation in subclasses.
3mo ago
php beginner
Abstract Classes
PHP 5.0+
4
Non-instantiable classes that define shared behaviour and enforce subclasses to implement required methods.
3mo ago
php intermediate
Advanced Array Functions
PHP 5.0+
1
PHP's array_walk, usort, array_reduce, array_column, and array_combine enable expressive data transformation without explicit loops.
3mo ago
php intermediate
allow_url_fopen / allow_url_include
PHP 5.0+
3
PHP INI settings that permit file functions and include/require to load remote URLs — a major SSRF and RFI enabler.
CWE-98 OWASP A5:2021
3mo ago
php intermediate
9.8
Anonymous Classes (PHP 7.0)
PHP 7.0+
4
Classes without a name, defined inline with new class — useful for one-off implementations and test doubles.
3mo ago
php intermediate
Array Destructuring ([] = …)
PHP 7.1+
1
PHP's short list() syntax — [$a, $b] = $arr — assigns array elements to variables in a single expressive statement.
3mo ago
php intermediate
Array Unpacking with String Keys (PHP 8.1)
PHP 8.1+
PHP 8.1 allows the spread operator to unpack arrays with string keys — previously only integer-keyed arrays could be spread.
3mo ago
php intermediate
Arrow Functions (PHP 7.4)
PHP 7.4+
1
Concise single-expression anonymous functions using fn() that implicitly capture outer-scope variables by value.
3mo ago
php beginner
assert() — Code Execution Risk
PHP 5.0+
2
Passing a string to assert() causes PHP to evaluate it as code, equivalent to eval() if the argument is user-controlled.
CWE-95 OWASP A3:2021
3mo ago
php intermediate
9.8